Consult the archives of other years.2001 Archives
20 December 2001 Seal management in Canada: new report from a group of experts, quotas maintained for 2002Herb Dhaliwal, the minister responsible for the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, accepted the final report of the eminent Panel on Atlantic Canada seal management last December 12. The permanent Fisheries and Oceans Canada committee had recommended the establishment of this type of independent group of experts as early as November 1999 in order to get a fresh perspective on the delicate questions and controversies that surround the management of seal populations. This group of experts was formed in April 2000. It held public consultations and examined available scientific data. Here are a few of its findings:
Experts formulated various recommendations to orient research priorities in order to expand our current knowledge about seals and ground fish. They also proposed several management scenarios that will be studied by the Minister. Mr. Dhaliwal announced that present management strategies would be maintained for 2002. The Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for harp seals will remain at 275 000 animals. The hooded seal TAC will remain at 10 000 animals. A small harvest of grey seals will be allowed in areas other than Sable Island. Also, the licence conditions prohibiting the harvest of whitecoats and bluebacks will remain in place. [Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada] I want to know more Fisheries and Oceans Canada press releases:
29 November 2001 Quebec to adopt legislation to ban bulk water exportNine days ago Quebec Environment Minister André Boisclair announced his government's decision to prevent the bulk export of water from the province of Quebec. Once adopted, bill 58, entitled An Act to amend the Water Resources Preservation Act, will confer a permanent character to the temporary ban on bulk water export that was put in place in November, 1999. Among the many reasons motivating this bill is the simple fact that there is no surplus of water in the St. Lawrence–Great Lakes watershed. On average, only 1% of Great Lakes water is renewed each year. The bulk removal of water could therefore have a damaging effect on the system's ability to resist disruptions such as those caused by climatic change. It could also compromise navigation, jeopardize drinking water supplies for certain municipalities and considerably modify aquatic and riverside ecosystems. I want to know more On Whales on line: Must we export Great Lakes water ? On Biosphere site Feature story: Water Levels on the St. Lawrence River Allocution du ministre de l'Environnement à l'occasion du dépôt du projet de loi 58 (in French only) 15 November 2001 Human health: update on the consumption of waterfowl and sport fish in the St. LawrenceA study undertaken for the federal-provincial St. Lawrence Vision 2000 programme reveals that the consumption of migratory birds and sport fish from the St. Lawrence presents few risks, as long as certain precautions are followed. According to the study, advisories for the consumption of waterfowl are not warranted. However, it is recommended that sport-fish consumption advisories that are currently in effect be respected in order to limit exposure to mercury. The study was conducted with the co-operation of 512 waterfowl hunters following the 1999 hunting season by a team from the public health research unit of the Centre hospitalier de l’Université Laval-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec, in collaboration with the Canadian Wildlife Service. [Biosphère de Montréal, SLV 2000] I want to know more On the St. Lawrence Vision 2000 web site: Results of the Survey on St. Lawrence Waterfowl Hunters' Consumption of Migratory Birds and Sport Fish and Health Risk Analysis On Environnement Québec web site: Consumption of Freshwater Sport fishing Species (in French) 31 October 2001 Halloween special : the ghost of a beluga in rural QuebecSeveral weeks ago archaeologists were unearthing the skeleton of a beluga whale that was discovered by chance in a field near Saint-Félix-de-Valois, in the Lanaudière region (Quebec). What was this skeleton doing over thirty kilometres from the St. Lawrence River? Well, it is actually the fossilized remains of an animal that lived approximately ten thousand years ago in the post-glacial waters of the Champlain Sea. It died in a muddy bay, which is an ideal environment for fossilization to occur. Felix, as the remains were nicknamed, is in fact the best marine fossil ever found in the province of Quebec. It is the seventeenth beluga to be discovered in the vestiges of the Champlain Sea. The zone previously covered by the Sea has also revealed other marine mammal fossils such as walrus, various species of seals, harbour porpoises, narwhals, fin whales, humpback whales and bowhead whales. [Radio-Canada. Thanks also to Mr. Serge Lebel, archaeologist at UQAM] 18 October 2001 Will Canada’s endangered species soon be protected?Last February, the Canadian government introduced Bill C5, endangered species legislation also known as the Species at Risk Act (SARA). The Bill will be debated in the House of Commons this fall. Already SARA has raised controversy. On September 10, a coalition of 1 331 Canadian and foreign scientists signed a letter addressed to Prime Minister Jean Chrétien congratulating the federal government for finally introducing legislation for the protection of endangered species. At the same time, the letter states that SARA falls short of providing the protection needed to safeguard endangered wildlife in Canada. Essentially, the scientists are requesting that the Bill ensures the protection of endangered species’ habitat. They are also requesting that the endangered species list not stem from a political decision, but be decided by an independent scientific committee. [Scientists for Species, Trends in Ecology and Evolution] I want to know more 4 October 2001 The St. Lawrence is thirstyIn its September Level News bulletin, Environment Canada published a low water level advisory for the Great Lakes, the connecting channels and the St. Lawrence. Users of these areas should keep informed of current conditions before undertaking any activities that could be affected by low water levels. Mariners should have up-to-date navigation charts and know how water levels compare to chart datum. Mariners should exercise extreme caution throughout the entire system, especially during periods of strong winds when water levels can rise (set-up) or fall (set-down) significantly in a short period of time. If near-shore water levels fall due to strong winds, facilities such as marinas, docks and boat ramps may be temporarily inaccessible. Similarly, municipal and commercial/industrial users that draw their water supply from the system should be aware that if their water supply intakes have not been installed deep enough, they may be at risk of exposure if a large set-down is experienced. The level of the Great Lakes has been dropping for the past five years and the rate of flow of the St. Lawrence is diminishing year after year. Of course rainfall in the summer of 2000 temporarily re-established water levels in the River, however in several of the Great Lakes levels remained below normal. The drought of 2001 worsened the situation. Could climatic changes worsen the problem even more? What are the predicted effects on human activities, the availability of drinking water and biodiversity? If you want to know more, Whales online suggests you consult the Internet version of a televised documentary that was presented on Découverte, Le fleuve en panne sèche. The documentary is in French. [Environment Canada, Société Radio-Canada] I want to know more On the Biosphere EcoWatch Centre web site: Water Levels on the St. Lawrence River 13 September 2001 The Marine Park presents its Ecosystem Conservation PlanOn September 6, the Saguenay–St. Lawrence Marine Park presented its Ecosystem Conservation Plan to stakeholders and citizens of the Regional Municipal County of the Upper North Shore. The presentation took place in Les Escoumins. The Marine Park’s goal is to increase the level of protection of a representative portion of the Saguenay Fjord and of the St. Lawrence Estuary, and to enhance it for the benefit of present and future generations. The Ecosystem Conservation Plan aims at promoting an integrated management by bringing together various partners in the Marine Park’s Advisory Committee on Ecosystem Management and Research. The ecosystem to be protected includes part of the Upper Estuary, part of the Lower Estuary and the Saguenay Fjord. This area has been inhabited for 8 000 years. It was first used by aboriginal peoples, and is now used by various communities that practice different activities like hunting, fishing, tourism and navigation. The main objective of the creation of the Park is one of protection and maintenance of biodiversity. However, sustainable use of the area is possible if it does not enter into conflict with this primary goal. The Ecosystem Conservation Plan analyzes the resources of the Marine Park and lists recommendations for the use and protection of its resources. The Plan mentions the importance of concern for rare or endangered species, as well as for the most abundant species that are vital to the system. It also states that protected areas can serve as a reference to evaluate the state of the environment elsewhere in the St. Lawrence. Concerning non-harvesting activities, the Ecosystem Conservation Plan underlines the importance of managing whale-watching activities while at the same time raising public awareness. It will also be important to manage the inflow of tourists by putting an emphasis on the "ecotourism experience" in relation to conservation values. It is also recommended working towards the management of industrial, domestic and agricultural waste. Concerning resource harvesting activities, research initiatives should be encouraged on harvested stocks taking all the components of the ecosystem into consideration. Measures must also be put into place for the management of ice-fishing, seal hunting and migratory bird hunting. In order to put its Ecosystem Conservation Plan into action, the Marine Park is counting on the initiative of local organizations and citizens. Other presentations will be organized on demand in the other Regional Municipal Counties situated within the limits of the Park and on its periphery. [Saguenay–St. Lawrence Marine Park] I want to know more On Whales online: A marine park in Quebec 30 August 2001 Successful beluga rescueThree juvenile beluga whales had been swimming the waters near Rivière-Saint-Paul, a small village not far from Blanc-Sablon in Belle Isle Straight, since April. This area is quite far from the normal distribution area of either St. Lawrence or Northern Quebec beluga whales. On June 5, the three belugas had left the bay to swim up the St. Paul River. They then remained in a portion of the River situated approximately 14 km from its delta. After visiting the area to evaluate the situation, Fisheries and Oceans Canada had been monitoring the situation from a distance with the help of Rivière-Saint-Paul residents. On August 19, residents found the carcasses of two of the three belugas along the shore. The third beluga had been seen alive the same day. It was not seen for a few days. On Wednesday, the Fisheries and Oceans team received confirmation that it was still alive. In the week that followed, Lena Measures, of Fisheries and Oceans, proceeded with a post-mortem examination of the two carcasses. The animals were emaciated; their stomachs and intestines were empty. The larger of the two, a female that had been named Casper by the residents of Rivière-Saint-Paul, appears to have beached itself, while still alive, on a reef in the River. The second animal, a male named Phantom, likely died in the water, its carcass coming ashore later. The examination of the two carcasses suggests that these belugas were no longer successful in finding enough food in the River. As well, the water level was too low in certain areas for the third beluga, a male named Casper, to leave on its own. A Fisheries and Oceans team led by Véronique Lesage and assisted by Sylvain DeGuise, a veterinary doctor from the University of Connecticut, decided to move the remaining beluga from the River. After several attempts, the team, which was able to count on the assistance of the Rivière-Saint-Paul community, succeeded in capturing Casper in a net and hauling it aboard a Zodiac. They were then able to transport it to the mouth of the River and cross the bay to where the River flows into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The animal appeared calm, was breathing normally and, once freed, swam rapidly offshore. [Fisheries and Oceans Canada] I want to know more On Whales online: Three belugas, far from home (12 July 2001) 9 August 2001 Must we export Great Lakes water?Bulk water export projects are still a hot topic of debate. Could Canada become the Kuwait of water exporting countries? The only snag is that Canada has blocked bulk water export. In fact, water might not be a truly renewable resource. Various companies are rivaling each other with imaginative ideas for projects to export water from the Great Lakes, or other Canadian sources, towards different regions aboard boats, barges, through pipelines or by transporting icebergs. Presently , Gerry White of McCurdy Enterprises plans to invest in a system to pump water from Lake Gisborne, Newfoundland. The entrepreneur wants to build a pipeline to the south of the province in order to supply boats that would then ship the water to the south of the United States and elsewhere. Even though Canada has a a policy to control water exports, Newfoundland's ban might be dropped. This example demonstrates the growing pressure of entrepreneurs. Pressure is also mounting from the United States. George W. Bush wants to discuss the issue with Prime Minister Jean Chrétien. Canadian Environment Minister David Anderson responded that the discussion will be brief, considering Canada’s bulk water export policy. The problem becomes a tricky one, as the Canadian ban may enter into conflict with World Trade Organization (WTO) trade agreements, as well as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). According to a report by law experts, solicited by Waterbank.com, Canada must negotiate international measures in order to maintain this type of policy. Two main options are open. First, it may be possible to exclude water from resources that must adhere to the conditions of commercial agreements, as was done for national security measures. Second, as pressure will come mostly from the United States, Canada could negotiate a bilateral treaty that would recognize the right of each country to manage its own water resources. In the event of conflict with international trade agreements, this agreement would prevail. The Great Lakes are an attractive target for the withdrawal and diversion of water. They contain 18% of the world’s freshwater. However, less than 1% of this resource is renewable annually. The rest of the water in the Great Lakes is melted glacier water. To top it off, the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence have experienced a drop in water levels in recent years. The International Joint Commission, a bilateral organization formed in 1909 to help Canada and the United States manage Great Lakes and St. Lawrence water, has stated that it does not know if the water level of the Great Lakes can support the needs of ecosystems and human populations that depend on it. [ Time, Waterbank, IJC] I want to know more On Time: Exporting Fresh Water On Waterbank: Water Export Controls and Canadian International Trade Obligations The site of the International Joint Commission 26 July 2001 A catalogue to better understand the fin whales of the St. LawrenceThe GREMM (Group for Research and Education on Marine Mammals) has just published a fin whale identification catalogue for the St. Lawrence Estuary in collaboration with Croisières AML. The fin whale is the second largest mammal to have ever existed, and the St. Lawrence Estuary is an excellent site to observe this species. The GREMM has been studying these animals, mainly through the use of photo-identification, since 1985. Individual identification is possible thanks to natural markings and scars that are visible on the whales’ bodies. Some fin whales even have names. The analysis of skin samples has enabled researches to determine the gender of certain animals. Seventy-four individual animals have been identified. The catalogue represents the 55 most easily identifiable fin whales as well as an overview of the herd. Of course, this family album is an indispensable research tool. However, it also constitutes an excellent educational tool for the captains and naturalists of the area. Croisières AML has been contributing to the GREMM’s fin whale research programme for six years now, with a total investment of $ 150 000. Better knowledge and understanding of these animals will help us to better protect them. [GREMM] 12 July 2001 Three belugas, far from homeThree juvenile beluga whales have been spending time in the St. Paul River area, a village situated near Blanc-Sablon in Belle Isle Straight, since the month of April. Whether they are belugas from the St. Lawrence or northern Quebec, this sector is a long way from their regular distribution area. Similar cases of belugas "exploring" far from home have been noted regularly over the past decade either along the Lower North Shore, off Newfoundland or off Nova Scotia. On two occasions, genetic analyses allowed scientists to confirm that these animals most likely belonged to the St. Lawrence population. However, other belugas that had become entangled in fishing nets on the Atlantic coast of Newfoundland had contamination profiles more consistent with northern populations. A member of the GREMM, a research group based in Tadoussac that is pursuing a long-term study on the belugas of the St. Lawrence, was dispatched to St. Paul River on June 30. He was able to obtain skin samples from two of the three belugas, which will help researchers establish their origin. Documenting these cases is useful for verifying the possibility that belugas move between the St. Lawrence and northern Quebec. Typically, solitary belugas develop very stable movement patterns, adopting a small area and objects such as buoys, docks and boats. They usually become very sociable, going so far as to seek human contact. This contact often brings about serious problems. The whales may lose their ability to survive in their natural habitat and to establish normal relations with their own kind. They are also more at risk from boat collisions. In the case of the three belugas at St. Paul River, these types of considerations prompted residents to contact the authorities of Fisheries and Oceans Canada in June. Fisheries officers have since been following the situation very closely to ensure the safety of the animals. Last June 5 the three belugas left the bay that they were frequenting up until that time, and swam up St. Paul River. They have since adopted a part of the river approximately 14 km upstream from its mouth. The presence of three belugas in St. Paul River, which is a salmon river, has the owners of an outfitters camp, situated not far from where the belugas have taken up residence, a little on edge. The small size and young age of the three belugas means that it is unlikely that they would be able to capture large prey like adult salmon. Research conducted on the feeding habits of belugas shows that they could, on occasion, consume small salmon. Eel is another species of fish present in the river that is also on the beluga’s menu. However, available information suggests that the belugas are more than likely feeding on smelt, a species that is presently spawning in the river. The presence of three belugas in the river also raises another problem. There is concern that the water level in the river may fall, preventing the belugas from reaching the sea later in the summer. Fisheries officers, with the help of Daniel Griffin, a resident of St. Paul River, are keeping track of both the water level and the state of the belugas. [GREMM] I want to know more On Whales online: The St. Lawrence beluga 5 July 2001 Perrier wants to bottle Great Lakes waterThe Perrier Group project to construct a new bottling plant near Lake Michigan has been put on ice. Perrier intends to tap a Lake Michigan watershed aquifer from a well situated in a private hunting preserve in Mecosta County. The plant would draw and bottle 720 000 gallons of water per day. The Attorney General for the state of Michigan, Jennifer Granholm, must decide whether a federal law, developed in 1986 concerning the commercial use of Great Lakes water, applies to groundwater. The governors of the states bordering on the Great Lakes, along with the premiers of Ontario and Quebec, signed the Great Lakes Charter Annex 2001 last June 17. This agreement was aimed at strengthening conditions for the authorization of massive use projects of Great Lakes water. However, research, negotiation and writing of the new criteria are not expected to be completed before 2004. The final decision on this issue will have an important repercussions as it will test the ability of existing American regulations to protect the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence ecosystem from massive use of its freshwater resources. [The Grand Rapids Press] I want to know more On Michigan Live: Perrier on ice: Plans raise serious questions about protecting state groundwater 21 June 2001 Annex 2001 signed to protect Great Lakes waterOn June 17, governors of states bordering the Great Lakes, along with the premiers of Ontario and Quebec, finally signed an amendment to the Great Lakes Charter (Annex 2001). The pact outlines conditions for the authorization of all projects of massive use, such as diversion or export, of Great Lakes water. Environmentalists had put forth their concerns about projects using less than one million gallons of water per day. In the first draft of the amendment, these projects would have been accepted without an environmental review. By underlining the importance of considering the cumulative effects of these types of projects, environmentalists succeeded in obtaining stricter conditions. The American states (New York, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin) and the Canadian provinces (Ontario, Quebec) bordering the Great Lakes are counting on this pact to protect this resource on which they depend. It is important to note that the Great Lakes represent one fifth of the planet's fresh water. However, the International Joint Commission (IJC) emphasized that there is never a surplus of water in the Great Lakes and that removing water threatens the integrity of both the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River. [Environment News Service, Democrat and Chronicle] I want to know moreOn Environment News Service : Pact Aims to Keep Water in the Great Lakes Several articles on Great Lakes Information Network On Whales online: Will Great Lakes water soon be better protected? (22 February 2001) Environmental groups concerned about Great Lakes water management (8 March 2001) 24 May 2001 The Great Lakes and Lake Baïkal: same problems ... same solutions?A dozen activists from Lake Baïkal visited the Canadian and American Great Lakes this week. The visit, organized by the Totem People's Preservation Project, was a fact finding mission to investigate Great Lakes conservation and management strategies that could be applied as solutions to problems faced by Lake Baïkal. This immense Russian lake contains 20% of the planet's fresh water, excluding the polar ice caps. It faces the same environmental and social problems as the Great Lakes: water diversion, agricultural and industrial pollution and unemployment. Another important aspect of the visit was the cultural exchange between Mohawks and nomadic tribes that use Lake Baïkal. These aboriginal peoples discovered affinities related to their way of life and to the fact that they occupy cross-border territories. I want to know moreRadio report on the Great Lakes Radio Consortium: UNITING THE WORLD'S GREAT LAKES 19 April 2001 Work for the seal huntersThe "Coopérative de solidarité multi-ressources les quatre mains", based in Les Escoumins, received its charter last May 29 and commenced operations in mid-January 2001. Among the co-operative’s goals are the marketing of seal products and the promotion of related handicrafts. The harp seal is the main resource targeted by these latest efforts at sustainable development. The Co-operative is working hard to ensure that no part of the resource is wasted. The skin and claws will be used in the making of crafts; Omega-3, which has significant medical applications for cardio-vascular ailments, among others, will be extracted from the fat; the powdered bones will be put to therapeutic use to fight arthritis. Even the genital organs will be used in the fabrication of pharmaceutical fertility products. Various clients seeking these products, most of them Asian, have already placed orders for 5000 seals for 2002. The number of orders will double in the following year. In the province of Quebec, the harp seal is also hunted on the Lower North shore and in the Magdalene Islands. I want to know moreOn Whales online: The seal hunt 8 March 2001 Environmental groups concerned about Great Lakes water managementThe delay for public commentary concerning Annex 2001, an amendment of the Great Lakes Charter, came to an end last February 28. Several environmental groups forwarded their comments to the governors and premiers of the states and provinces bordering the Great Lakes. Basically, these groups recognize that Annex 2001 is a step in the right direction as it aims for stricter management of all new Great Lakes water diversion projects or major consumptive use projects. On the other hand, Annex 2001 will give the OK for projects that use up to one million gallons of water per day on the condition that they are for public health and that there is no alternative. As Annex 2001 does not take into consideration the cumulative effects of these small derivation projects, environmental groups are concerned about the integrity of the Great Lakes. They underscore the fact that the Great Lakes represent an enormous reservoir that was formed by the melting of the glaciers 10 000 years ago, and that only 1% of this water is renewed each year. Annex 2001 cannot legally ban the derivation or massive use of Great Lakes water as, according to the North American Free Trade Agreement, water is considered a commercial resource. [Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Chicago Tribune] I want to know moreIn our archives: Will Great Lakes water soon be better protected? (22 February 2001) In the Chicago Tribune : Governors may loosen grip on Great Lakes tap In the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel : Great Lakes plan sparks concern 22 February 2001 Will Great Lakes water soon be better protected?On December 14, 2000, the Council of Great Lakes Governors announced a proposed amendment to the Great Lakes Charter, which was signed by its members in 1985. The Council is made up of the governors of the eight states bordering the Great Lakes, as well as the premiers of Quebec and Ontario. The amendment, dubbed Annex 2001, will ensure the creation of new binding agreements that will commit concerned governments to take action for the protection of Great Lakes waters and of the natural resources that depend on these waters. Among other things, Annex 2001 aims for stricter management of all new Great Lakes water diversion projects or major consumptive use projects. Public comment is welcome until February 28, 2001. The Council of Great Lakes Governors will then review comments it has received and draft the final version of Annex 2001. It has given itself three years to conclude agreements provided for in this amendment of the Great Lakes Charter. Last year the International Joint Commission (IJC) sounded the alarm when it emphasized that removals and diversions from the Great Lakes basin represented permanent losses of water, and that this could affect the integrity of the Great Lakes and of the St. Lawrence River. The IJC is a binational organization established in 1909. It assists the Canadian and U.S. governments in managing Great Lakes and St. Lawrence waters. [Council of Great Lakes Governors, Environment News Service, Associated Press] I want to know moreAccess to Annex 2001, proposed by the Council of Great Lakes Governors On Environment News Service: New Curbs on Great Lakes Water Exports In the Detroit News: Hearing set to regulate Great Lakes diversion 8 February 2001 Canadian Species at Risk Act: take threeFor the third time in six years, Canada's Environment Minister has introduced a proposition for a new Species at Risk Act (SARA) into the House of Commons. Ten months ago Minister David Anderson had started the process only to have it halted when the Prime Minister called a federal election. In 1995, then Environment Minister Sheila Copps had also seen her version of the Act scuppered by a federal election call. Anderson sees the delay as an opportunity to incorporate comments and suggestions from numerous individuals and groups within the country. SARA's main objective is to prevent species at risk from disappearing and to favour their recovery. An independent committee, the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC), will be given the mandated responsibility of assessing and classifying the status of wildlife species. This assessment will be made public, and the classification will form the basis for the federal List of Wildlife Species at Risk. SARA will prohibit the killing, harming, harassing, capturing or taking of species officially listed as threatened or endangered. It will also prohibit the destruction of their residences. The Act will include a mandatory requirement for the development of recovery plans for endangered or threatened species. These recovery plans will be elaborated in collaboration with the provinces, specialists and stakeholders. Private and public initiatives for the protection of endangered species and their habitats will be encouraged and funded through a stewardship programme. Finally, the Act aims to compensate those who suffer losses because of prohibitions against the destruction of critical habitat. The Species at Risk Act complements measures undertaken by the provinces and the territories. [Environment News Service, Environment Canada] I want to know moreEnvironment News Service : CANADA INTRODUCES SPECIES AT RISK ACT - AGAIN Information on the proposed Species at Risk (Environment Canada) The Species at Risk web site (Canada) 25 January 2001 Dolphins in captivity in Quebec?The Granby Zoo is planning the construction of an aquarium, requiring the investment of 50 million dollars. The grand opening could take place in 2003, and those responsible for the project are studying the possibility of building the complex in Montreal. The Granby Zoo, in collaboration with Tourism Quebec and Economic Development Canada, have already gone forward with a market survey which demonstrates that there is an interest in the project. Dolphins would be one of the main attractions. The Granby Zoo even proposes an activity where the public would be allowed to swim with the mammals. The Zoo is currently looking for investors. [Les Affaires] I want to know moreDr. Pierre Béland answers the question: Should we keep whales in captivity? |